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OSI Model

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TCP/IP Model

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Default IP Address Classes


Class A: has a subnet mask       255.0.0.0

First Octet range       1 - 126

A Class A network can have over 16 million hosts

Class B: has a subnet mask       255.255.0.0

First Octet range       128 - 191

A Class B network can have over 65 thousand hosts

Class C: has a subnet mask       255.255.255.0

First Octet range       192 - 223

A Class C network can have 254 usable hosts on the network

First Octet 127 is reserved for loop-back (localhost = 127.0.0.0) (Testing)

Private Addressing range for an intranet

Class A: 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255

Class B: 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255

Class C: 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255

Loopback: 127.x.x.x

Auto-configuration range: 169.254.x.x (i.e. if not assigned an IP address or cannot get one from the DNS then a host may auto-configure an IP address)

NAT - Network Address Translation - Allows hosts on an intranet to share a public IP address for internet connectivity.

Cisco recommends no more than 500 hosts on a LAN network

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Well Known Port Numbers

Below lists well known port numbers. Visit The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) for a comprehensive list of port number assignments

Use:
netstat -f

or

netstat -n

To see seesions details

Well Known TCP Ports

21

FTP

22

SSH (An enxrypted form of Telnet)

23

Telnet

25

SMTP

53

DNS Server (resolves names to IP Addresses)

80

HTTP

110

POP3 (recieve emails)

443

HTTPS

1433

SQL Server

Well Known UDP Ports

53

DNS Client

69

TFTP

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The MAC Address

The MAC address consists of twelve characters in hexidecimal format

The first 24 bits (six characters) is the organization identifer)

The second 24 bits (six characters) is the vendor assigned unique value for the NIC

Use:
ipconfig /all
to find the MAC address

You can use This Web Site to determine the vendor details for a given MAC address

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Ethernet Cable - CAT 5

CAT 5 - unshielded twisted pair (UTP) is the most common Ethernet cable used. It has a maximum distance of a hundred meters, and typically has blue, orange, green, brown twisted pairs.

The standard for wiring is below

T568A to T568A is straight through

T568B to T568B is straight through

T568A to T568B is Crossover

Use straight through for DTE to DCE connections - For example host to switch

Use cross over for DTE to DTE or DCE to DCE connections - For example host to host or modem to moden



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WiFi - Some Basics


Standards

802.11B - is the most Most popular
Speeds up to 11 mbps
It has 11 channels but only 3 clean channels (with no overlap)
Works in the 2.4 GHZ range
Cell Radius of about 300 feet

802.11G
Speeds up to 54 mbps
It has 11 channels but only 3 clean channels (with no overlap)
Works in the 2.4 GHZ range

802.11A
Speeds up to 54 mbps
It has 23 clean channels (with no overlap)
Works in the 5.9 GHZ range
Cell radius of about 270 feet

Note:On channel overlab with 802.11B
Channels "1", "6" and "11" do not overlab
For wireless cell planning consider an
approach similar to below so as to
minimise cell propagation interference.

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IP Sub-networking - An Example

This example network consists of three switches and three routers (see diagram below).
An initial impression may suggest that three sub-networks are required. One for each switch.
This is incorrect. A Sub-network is required for each router interface. So five sub-networks are required.
In this example, we are considering a Class C IP address of 192.22.5.0 has been assigned
This means that the initial network mask is: 255.255.255.0

A Subnet Calculator is available at this site

Steps Required

1. Determine the number of networks required and convert to Binary
5 in binary is 00000101
So the first three bits of the last Octet is required for the subnet mask
128 + 64 + 32 = 224
The new Network Mask is 255.255.255.224

2. Reserve sub-net bits and determine Network Increment Range
The sub-net bits are the first three bits of the last Octet
A total of 8 subnets are possible here. Although we need only 5
    To calculate the number of subnets, its 2 to the power
    of the number of sub-net bits or 2 to the power of 3.

The Network Increment Range for each of the seven sub-networks is equal
to the smallest subnet bit value. In this case: 32

3. Use Network Increment Range to determine host IP range for each sub-network
Network ranges:
Sub-Network 1 -     192.22.5.0 to 192.21.5.31
Sub-Network 2 -     192.22.5.32 to 192.22.5.63
Sub-Network 3 -     192.22.5.64 to 192.22.5.95
Sub-Network 4 -     192.22.5.96 to 192.22.5.127
Sub-Network 5 -     192.22.5.128 to 192.22.5.159
Sub-Network 6 -     192.22.5.160 to 192.22.5.191
6 - Not required This example

Sub-Network 7 -     192.22.5.192 to 192.22.5.223
7 - Not required This example

Sub-Network 8 -     192.22.5.224 to 192.22.5.255
9 - Not required This example


Each network can support up to 30 devices as
the first and last address of each range are used
for the subnet ID and Broadcast Address.

A Subnet Calculator is available at this site


Network Diagram





Last Octet bit values

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