Data Communication Notes
Page Listing:
- OSI Model
- Default IP Address Classes
- Well Known Port Numbers
- The MAC Address
- Ethernet Cable - Cat 5
- WiFi - Some Basics
- IP Sub-networking - An Example
OSI Model

* Home
TCP/IP Model

* Home
Default IP Address Classes
Class A: has a subnet mask       255.0.0.0 First Octet range       1 - 126 A Class A network can have over 16 million hosts |
Class B: has a subnet mask       255.255.0.0 First Octet range       128 - 191 A Class B network can have over 65 thousand hosts |
Class C: has a subnet mask       255.255.255.0 First Octet range       192 - 223 A Class C network can have 254 usable hosts on the network |
First Octet 127 is reserved for loop-back (localhost = 127.0.0.0) (Testing) |
Private Addressing range for an intranet Class A: 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255 Class B: 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255 Class C: 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255 Loopback: 127.x.x.x Auto-configuration range: 169.254.x.x (i.e. if not assigned an IP address or cannot get one from the DNS then a host may auto-configure an IP address) NAT - Network Address Translation - Allows hosts on an intranet to share a public IP address for internet connectivity. Cisco recommends no more than 500 hosts on a LAN network |
* Home
Well Known Port Numbers
Below lists well known port numbers. Visit The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) for a comprehensive list of port number assignments
Use:
netstat -f
netstat -n
To see seesions details
Well Known TCP Ports
21 |
FTP |
22 |
SSH (An enxrypted form of Telnet) |
23 |
Telnet |
25 |
SMTP |
53 |
DNS Server (resolves names to IP Addresses) |
80 |
HTTP |
110 |
POP3 (recieve emails) |
443 |
HTTPS |
1433 |
SQL Server |
Well Known UDP Ports
53 |
DNS Client |
69 |
TFTP |
* Home
The MAC Address
The MAC address consists of twelve characters in hexidecimal format
The first 24 bits (six characters) is the organization identifer)
The second 24 bits (six characters) is the vendor assigned unique value for the NIC
Use:
ipconfig /all
to find the MAC address
You can use This Web Site to determine the vendor details for a given MAC address
* Home
Ethernet Cable - CAT 5
CAT 5 - unshielded twisted pair (UTP) is the most common Ethernet cable used. It has a maximum distance of a hundred meters, and typically has blue, orange, green, brown twisted pairs.
The standard for wiring is below
T568A to T568A is straight through
T568B to T568B is straight through
T568A to T568B is Crossover
Use straight through for DTE to DCE connections - For example host to switch
Use cross over for DTE to DTE or DCE to DCE connections - For example host to host or modem to moden
* Home
WiFi - Some Basics
Standards 802.11B - is the most Most popular
802.11G
802.11A
|
Note:On channel overlab with 802.11B Channels "1", "6" and "11" do not overlab For wireless cell planning consider an approach similar to below so as to minimise cell propagation interference. ![]() |
* Home
IP Sub-networking - An Example
This example network consists of three switches and three routers (see diagram below).
An initial impression may suggest that three sub-networks are required. One for each switch.
This is incorrect. A Sub-network is required for each router interface. So five sub-networks are required.
In this example, we are considering a Class C IP address of 192.22.5.0 has been assigned
This means that the initial network mask is: 255.255.255.0
A Subnet Calculator is available at this site
Steps Required 1. Determine the number of networks required and convert to Binary 2. Reserve sub-net bits and determine Network Increment Range 3. Use Network Increment Range to determine host IP range for each sub-network A Subnet Calculator is available at this site |
Network Diagram![]() Last Octet bit values ![]() |